Preqin Sustainability

Appendix

Introduction
Methodologies:
- Asset-level solutions
- Fund-level solutions
- GP-level solutions
- LP-level solutions
Model validation
Appendix

Asset-level metrics

Theme

Metric

Key question

Carbon emissions

Scope 1 emissions 

Does the company disclose its Scope 1 GHG emissions?

Carbon emissions

Scope 2 emissions 

Does the company disclose its Scope 2 GHG emissions?

Carbon emissions

Scope 3 emissions 

Does the company disclose its Scope 3 GHG emissions? 

Carbon emissions

GHG Intensity (Scope 1+2 /Revenue) 

Does the company disclose its GHG intensity? 

Diversity 

Number of women on board 

Does the company disclose how many females are on the board of directors? 

Diversity 

Number of women in leadership positions 

Does the company disclose how many females are in leadership roles? 

Diversity 

Number of female employees 

Does the company disclose how many females they employ? 

Employees 

Total number of full-time employees

Does the company disclose how many full-time employees it has? 

Employees 

Total new hire employees

Does the company disclose how many new employees it hired? 

Employees 

Number of work-related injuries

Does the company disclose how many work-related injuries have occurred? 

Employees 

Number of work-related fatalities 

Does the company disclose how many work-related deaths have occurred? 

Employees 

Total number of board members 

Does the company disclose how many people are on the board of directors? 

Energy use 

Total energy consumption 

Does the company disclose its total energy consumption? 

Energy use 

Renewable energy consumption 

Does the company disclose its renewable energy consumption? 

Water & waste 

Water consumption/withdrawal/use 

Does the company disclose its water consumption, withdrawal or usage? 


Asset Level Metrics disclosure guidance 

Metric

Guidance

Scope 1 Emissions 

This tracks the company’s disclosed Scope 1 GHG emissions (numerical). It is generally reported in tCO2e.

Scope 2 Emissions 

This tracks the company’s disclosed Scope 2 GHG emissions (numerical). It is generally reported in tCO2e.

Scope 3 Emissions 

This tracks the company’s disclosed Scope 3 GHG emissions (numerical). It is generally reported in tCO2e.

GHG Intensity (Scope 1+2/Revenue) 

This tracks the company’s disclosed GHG intensity (numerical). It is generally reported in tCO2e/million USD, MTCO2e/million USD, ktCO2e/mm USD, tCO2e/GBP, tCO2e/Euro per revenue, employee, or sq area. 

Number of women on the board 

This tracks the company’s disclosed count of women on their board (numerical). We do not accept nor assume gender through photos.

Number of women in leadership positions

This tracks the company’s disclosed count of women in leadership positions (numerical). We are looking for women in top-level management that are separate from the board of directors. We do not accept nor assume gender through photos.

Number of female employees

This tracks the company’s disclosed count of female employees (numerical). We do not accept nor assume gender through photos.

Total number of full-time employees

This tracks the company’s disclosed count of full-time employees (numerical). We do not accept nor assume gender through photos. Total employees is acceptable if the full-time metric isn’t disclosed.

Total new hire employees

This tracks the company’s disclosed count of new hire employees (numerical). We do not accept nor assume gender through photos.

Number of work-related injuries

This tracks the company’s disclosed count of work-related injuries (numerical). We do not accept nor assume gender through photos.

Number of work-related fatalities

This tracks the company’s disclosed count of work-related fatalities (numerical). We do not accept nor assume gender through photos.

Total number of board members

This tracks the company’s disclosed count of board members (numerical). We do not accept nor assume gender through photos. We do not accept senior leadership, management or executive committee.

Total energy consumption

This tracks the company’s disclosed total energy consumption (numerical). It is generally reported in kWh, MWh, GWh, GJ, MJ.

Renewable energy consumption

This tracks the company’s disclosed renewable energy consumption (numerical). It is generally reported in kWh, MWh, GWh, GJ, MJ.

Water consumption/withdrawal/use

This tracks the company’s disclosed water consumption, withdrawal or use (numerical). It is generally reported in m3, megalitres, gallons, or kilolitres.

Sustainability management indicators


ESG Pillar: Environmental

Theme

Indicator

Key question

Indicator applicability

Governance type

Framework

Emissions

Emissions targets

Does the firm disclose any emission reduction targets that apply to the GP specifically?

GP/LP

Manager Governance

ILPA

Emissions

Emissions targets for portfolio companies/assets

Does the GP disclose any emission reduction targets that apply to the portfolio or asset level?

GP

Portfolio Management

TCFD

Emissions

GHG emissions

Does the firm disclose its own GHG emissions?

GP/LP

Manager Governance

TCFD

Emissions

GHG emissions of portfolio companies/assets

Does the firm track emissions on the portfolio or asset level?

GP/LP

Portfolio Management

ILPA

Emissions

GHG emissions: Scope 1

Does the firm track Scope 1 GHG emissions?

GP/LP

Manager Governance

SFDR

Emissions

GHG emissions: Scope 1 of portfolio companies/assets

Does the firm track Scope 1 GHG emissions at the portfolio or asset level?

GP/LP

Portfolio Management

TCFD

Emissions

GHG emissions: Scope 2

Does the firm track Scope 2 GHG emissions?

GP/LP

Manager Governance

SFDR

Emissions

GHG emissions: Scope 2 of portfolio companies/assets

Does the firm track Scope 2 GHG emissions at the portfolio or asset level?

GP/LP

Portfolio Management

TCFD

Emissions

GHG emissions: Scope 3

Does the firm track Scope 3 GHG emissions?

GP/LP

Manager Governance

SFDR

Emissions

GHG emissions: Scope 3 of portfolio companies/assets

Does the firm track Scope 3 GHG emissions at the portfolio or asset level?

GP/LP

Portfolio Management

TCFD

Emissions

GHG intensity of portfolio companies/assets

Does the firm disclose their GHG intensity for portfolio companies/assets?

GP/LP

Portfolio Management

SFDR

Internal operations

Adopts a green building or energy management standard

Does the firm disclose that their offices abide by a green building standard or energy management standard?

GP/LP

Manager Governance

ILPA

Internal operations

Statements, policies, or initiatives related to climate change

Does the firm disclose any policy related to climate change, carbon or emissions?

GP/LP

Manager Governance

TCFD

Internal operations

Waste generation metrics

Does the firm have any waste creation tracking and disposal metrics?

GP/LP

Manager Governance

ILPA

Investment strategy

Breakdown of energy efficiency for real estate assets

Does the GP disclose a breakdown of the energy efficiency of their real estate assets?

GP

Portfolio Management

SFDR

Investment strategy (due diligence)

Environmental impact studies conducted on portfolio companies/assets

Does the GP conduct environmental impact studies on its portfolio companies/assets?

GP

Portfolio Management

ILPA


ESG Pillar: Social

Theme

Indicator

Key question

Indicator applicability

Governance type

Framework

DEI

DEI due diligence reporting lines

Does the firm disclose who is responsible for DEI at an executive level?

GP/LP

Manager Governance

ILPA

DEI

DEI policy or initiative

Does the firm have an initiative or policy in place that targets DEI?

GP/LP

Manager Governance

ILPA

DEI

DEI policy or initiative for portfolio companies/assets

Does the GP have any DEI-related policies or initiatives that apply at the asset-level?

GP

Portfolio Management

ILPA

DEI

Family leave policy

Does the firm have a family leave policy?

GP/LP

Manager Governance

ILPA

DEI

Tracks employee diversity

Does the firm reference tracking the amount of employee diversity?

GP/LP

Manager Governance

ILPA

DEI (gender)

Breakdown of pay details

Does the GP provide a breakdown of pay details of its employees?

GP

Manager Governance

ILPA

DEI (gender)

Breakdown of pay details at the portfolio company/ asset-level

Does the GP provide a breakdown of pay details for the employees of its portfolio companies?

GP

Manager Governance

ILPA

DEI (gender)

Gender breakdown of the board of directors

Does the firm disclose that there is female representation on its own board of directors?

GP/LP

Manager Governance

ILPA

DEI (gender)

Gender breakdown of the executive committee

Does the firm disclose that there is female representation on its own executive committee?

GP/LP

Manager Governance

ILPA

DEI (gender)

Gender breakdown of the executive committee or senior management at the portfolio company/asset level

Does the GP disclose that there is female representation on the executive committee or senior management of its portfolio companies?

GP

Portfolio Management

ILPA

DEI (gender)

Gender breakdown of the senior management

Does the firm disclose that there is female representation on its own senior management?

GP/LP

Manager Governance

ILPA

DEI (gender)

Gender breakdown of the wider company

Does the firm disclose that there is female representation in the workforce?

GP/LP

Manager Governance

ILPA

DEI (gender)

Gender breakdown of the wider company at the portfolio company/ asset-level

Does the firm disclose that there is female representation in the workforce at the asset-level?

GP/LP

Portfolio Management

ILPA

Internal operations

Employee engagement surveys

Does the firm have any employee engagement or satisfaction surveys?

GP/LP

Manager Governance

ILPA

Internal operations (policies)

Modern slavery or human rights policy

Does the firm have a modern slavery policy?

GP/LP

Manager Governance

ILPA

Internal operations (training)

DEI training

Does the firm have any DEI-related trainings?

GP/LP

Manager Governance

ILPA

Internal operations (training)

Development or training programs

Does the firm offer development or training programs?

GP/LP

Manager Governance

ILPA

Investment strategy (due diligence)

Social impact studies conducted on portfolio companies/assets

Does the GP conduct social impact studies on its portfolio companies or properties?

GP

Portfolio Management

ILPA

Investment strategy (stewardship)

Employee engagement surveys for portfolio companies/assets

Does the GP have any employee engagement or satisfaction surveys for its portfolio companies/assets?

GP

Portfolio Management

ILPA


ESG Pillar: Governance

Theme

Indicator

Key question

Indicator applicability

Governance type

Framework

Internal operations

Adherence to any ISO standards

Does the firm mention that it adheres to any ISO standards or JIS Q standards?

GP/LP

Manager Governance

ILPA

Internal operations

Any mention of sustainability consideration in operations

Does the firm mention any consideration of sustainability in its own operations?

GP/LP

Manager Governance

SASB

Internal operations

Board of directors

Does the firm disclose that they have a board of directors?

GP/LP

Manager Governance

ILPA

Internal operations

Dedicated sustainability report

Does the firm disclose a sustainability report publicly?

GP/LP

Manager Governance

ILPA

Internal operations

Sustainability integration within performance reviews and/or compensation mechanisms

Does the GP incorporate sustainability objectives into performance reviews and compensation mechanisms?

GP

Manager Governance

UNPRI

Internal operations

Governing, leadership, or executive bodies, including the board of directors

Does the firm disclose its board members, C-level staff or leadership?

GP/LP

Manager Governance

ILPA

Internal operations

List of investors by type

Does the GP mention the types of investors they work with?

GP

Manager Governance

UNPRI

Internal operations

Ownership structure of the firm

Does the firm disclose who owns the firm?

GP/LP

Manager Governance

ILPA

Internal operations

Registered investment advisor or a registered broker dealer status

Does the firm disclose that they are regulated by a securities regulator suffices?

GP/LP

Manager Governance

ILPA

Internal operations

Spending on political donations and/or lobbying expenditures

Does the firm disclose the amount it has spent on political donations or lobbying expenditures?

GP/LP

Manager Governance

ILPA

Internal operations (policies)

Anti-money laundering and/or "know your client" (AML KYC) policy

Does the firm have an anti-money laundering/"know your client" (AML KYC) policy?

GP/LP

Manager Governance

ILPA

Internal operations (policies)

Code of conduct

Does the firm have a code of conduct that applies to its own employees?

GP/LP

Manager Governance

ILPA

Internal operations (policies)

Insider trading policy

Does the firm have an insider trading policy?

GP/LP

Manager Governance

ILPA

Internal operations (policies)

Political donations and/or lobbying expenditure policy

Does the firm disclose the amount it has spent on political donations or lobbying expenditures?

GP/LP

Manager Governance

ILPA

Internal operations (policies)

Privacy policy

Does the firm have a privacy policy?

GP/LP

Manager Governance

ILPA

Internal operations (policies)

Sustainable supply chain framework

Does the firm disclose a policy outlining their supply chain code of ethics or how sustainability is integrated along their supply chain?

GP/LP

Manager Governance

ILPA

Internal operations (policies)

Whistleblower or anonymous incident reporting process

Does the firm disclose a whistleblower policy, whistleblower or anonymous hotline for reporting breaches in conduct, or other system for reporting internal issues anonymously?

GP/LP

Manager Governance

ILPA

Internal operations (training)

Anti-money laundering and terrorist financing training

Does the firm offer training on anti-money laundering and terrorist financing?

GP/LP

Manager Governance

ILPA

Internal operations (training)

Code of business ethics training

Does the firm have any code of business ethics-related trainings?

GP/LP

Manager Governance

ILPA

Internal operations (training)

Employee training hours

Does the firm disclose the number of hours spent on employee training?

GP/LP

Manager Governance

ILPA

Internal operations (training)

Employee training on data security or privacy

Does the firm offer training on data security and privacy?

GP/LP

Manager Governance

ILPA

Internal operations (training)

Management training

Does the firm offer dedicated training sessions for its employees in management positions?

GP/LP

Manager Governance

ILPA

Internal operations (training)

Training for investment professionals on sustainability risks and opportunities in investment activities

Does the firm equip investment professionals to understand and identify the relevance and importance of sustainability risks and opportunities in investment activities?

GP/LP

Manager Governance

UNPRI

Investment strategy

Any mention of ESG consideration in investing

Does the firm mention consideration of ESG factors in its investment process?

GP/LP

Investment Integration

SASB

Investment strategy

Dedicated ESG investment policy

Does the firm have a dedicated investment policy focusing on ESG, responsible investing, impact, sustainability, or any other ESG related topic?

GP/LP

Investment Integration

UNPRI

Investment strategy

Dedicated sustainability investment staff

Does the firm have a dedicated sustainability team and/or employee?

GP/LP

Manager Governance

UNPRI

Investment strategy

Sustainability commitments included in fund documents

Does the GP incorporate sustainability commitments in fund documentation such as Limited Partnership Agreement (LPA), side letters, or other fund documents?

GP

Investment Integration

UNPRI

Investment strategy

Sustainability considerations included in deal documentation

Does the GP incorporate sustainability considerations into deal documentation such as Shareholders' Agreements during deal structuring?

GP

Investment Integration

UNPRI

Investment strategy

Sustainability due diligence reporting lines

Does the firm disclose who is responsible for sustainability at the executive level?

GP/LP

Manager Governance

UNPRI

Investment strategy

Sustainability risks and opportunities included on Limited Partners Advisory Committee and Annual Investor Meeting agenda

Does the GP include the management of sustainability risks and opportunities on the Limited Partners Advisory Committee and Annual Investor Meeting agenda?

GP

Investment Integration

UNPRI

Investment strategy

Investments in portfolio companies/ assets explicitly aligned with the UN Sustainable Development Goals

Has the firm invested in companies/ assets tied to the UN sustainable development goals?

GP/LP

Investment Integration

ILPA

Investment strategy

Total AUM as subject to sustainability criteria or policies

What is the firm 's AUM that is subject to sustainability criteria?

GP/LP

Investment Integration

UNPRI

Investment strategy (due diligence)

List of exclusionary screening factors

Does the firm disclose which factors it uses to screen or exclude potential investments?

GP/LP

Investment Integration

ILPA

Investment strategy (due diligence)

Policy specifying how sustainability factors are used after investing in portfolio companies/assets, or in company exits

Does the GP consider sustainability factors after making an investment?

GP

Investment Integration

UNPRI

Investment strategy (due diligence)

Policy specifying how sustainability factors are used before investing in portfolio companies/assets

Does the GP consider sustainability factors before making an investment?

GP

Investment Integration

UNPRI

Investment strategy (stewardship)

Code of conduct for portfolio companies/assets

Does the GP disclose a portfolio company/asset code of conduct?

GP

Investment Integration

ILPA

Investment strategy (stewardship)

Engagement process or considerations specifically focused on sustainability issues with portfolio companies/assets

Does the firm disclose any sustainability-specific engagement practices or engagement policy with its portfolio companies/assets?

GP

Investment Integration

ILPA

Investment strategy (stewardship)

Sustainability-related educational programs designed and run for portfolio companies/assets

Does the GP provide education to portfolio companies/assets about sustainability issues?

GP

Investment Integration

ILPA

Investment strategy (stewardship)

Policy detailing engagement processes with portfolio companies/assets

Does the GP disclose an engagement policy or practices with its portfolio companies or assets?

GP

Investment Integration

ILPA

Investment strategy (stewardship)

Reporting or monitoring portfolio companies/assets using ESG KPIs

Does the GP monitor ESG performance in their portfolio companies?

GP

Investment Integration

UNPRI

Investment strategy (stewardship)

Share of portfolio companies/ assets where engagements were conducted on sustainability policies or issues

Does the GP disclose how many companies they have engaged with regarding sustainability policies/issues?

GP

Investment Integration

ILPA


Sustainability management indicators disclosure guidance

Guidance

DEI due diligence reporting lines 

Disclosure of who is ultimately responsible for enforcing DEI policy, DEI reviews, DEI oversight, or other DEI procedures in the investment process. This includes designated groups, parties, or people inside the company responsible for overseeing DEI. This will also be considered disclosed if an executive team is also a DEI team. Otherwise, the reporting lines and ultimate DEI authority must be disclosed.

DEI policy or initiative 

This is marked as disclosed if the firm specifically mentions the existence of a diversity policy or discloses the policy itself. This can include a formal policy, an actual initiative or target for inclusion in hiring, a process to hire more diverse candidates, or adoption of a third-party policy on diversity.

DEI policy or initiative for portfolio companies/assets 

This is marked as disclosed if the firm specifically mentions the existence of a diversity policy or discloses the policy itself for their portfolio companies or assets. This can include a formal policy, an actual initiative or target for inclusion in hiring, a process to hire more diverse candidates, or adoption of a third-party policy on diversity.

Family Leave policy 

This is marked as disclosed if the firm specifically mentions the existence of a family leave policy or discloses the policy itself.

Tracks employee diversity   

This is marked as disclosed if the firm tracks any form of diversity metric (i.e., gender, ethnicity, demographic, etc.). Although we are at a base level assessing proof of concept, actual metrics may also be disclosed.

Breakdown of pay details 

This is marked as disclosed if the firm discloses the breakdown of pay details numerically

Breakdown of pay details at the portfolio company/asset-level

This is marked as disclosed if the firm discloses the breakdown of pay details numerically in their portfolio companies or assets

Gender breakdown of the board of directors 

Disclosure of the gender of members of a firm’s board of directors or the breakdown of gender on the board by percentage which indicates the inclusion of at least one female board member. The amount of female representation on the board is otherwise immaterial in this instance, as we are assessing transparency and not firm performance. We do not accept nor assume gender through photos.

Gender breakdown of the executive committee 

Disclosure of the gender of members of a firm’s executive committee or the breakdown of gender on the executive committee by percentage which indicates the inclusion of at least one female executive committee member. The amount of female representation on the executive committee is otherwise immaterial in this instance, as we are assessing transparency and not firm performance. We do not accept nor assume gender through photos.

Gender breakdown of the executive committee or senior management at the portfolio company/asset-level 

Disclosure of the gender of members of a firm’s executive committee/senior management or the breakdown of gender on the executive committee/senior management by percentage which indicates the inclusion of at least one female executive committee/senior management member for their portfolio company or assets. The amount of female representation on the executive committee/senior management is otherwise immaterial in this instance, as we are assessing transparency and not firm performance. We do not accept nor assume gender through photos.

Gender breakdown of the senior management team 

Disclosure of the gender of members of a firm’s senior management or the breakdown of gender on the senior management team by percentage which indicates the inclusion of at least one female senior management member. The amount of female representation on the senior management team is otherwise immaterial in this instance, as we are assessing transparency and not firm performance. We do not accept nor assume gender through photos.

Gender breakdown of the wider company 

Disclosure of the gender of members of a firm’s wider company or the breakdown of gender in the wider company by percentage which indicates the inclusion of at least one female employee. The amount of female representation in the company is otherwise immaterial in this instance, as we are assessing transparency and not firm performance. We do not accept nor assume gender through photos

Gender breakdown of the wider company at the portfolio company/asset-level 

Disclosure of the gender of members of a firm’s wider company or the breakdown of gender in the wider company by percentage which indicate the inclusion of at least one female employee for their portfolio company or assets. The amount of female representation in the company is immaterial in this instance, as we are assessing transparency and not firm performance. We do not accept nor assume gender through photos.

Emissions targets 

Disclosure of numerical or measurable emissions reductions targets.

Emissions targets for portfolio companies/assets 

Disclosure of numerical or measurable emissions reductions targets for the portfolio company or assets. Targets can be specific to an asset or apply to the general portfolio.

GHG emissions 

This is marked as disclosed if the firm discloses their Scope 1, Scope 2 and/or Scope 3 GHG emissions. This must include numerical figures, generally recorded in tCO2e. Additionally, this indicator will also be considered disclosed if a firm adheres to ISO14064, as this is the international standard for disclosure.

GHG emissions of portfolio companies/assets 

This is marked as disclosed if the firm discloses Scope 1, Scope 2 and/or Scope 3 GHG emissions for their portfolio companies. This must include numerical figures, generally recorded in tCO2e.

GHG emissions: Scope 1 

This is marked as disclosed if the firm discloses Scope 1 GHG emissions. This must include numerical figures, generally recorded in tCO2e.

GHG emissions: Scope 1 of portfolio companies/assets 

This is marked as disclosed if the firm discloses Scope 1 GHG emissions for their portfolio companies. This must include numerical figures, generally recorded in tCO2e.

GHG emissions: Scope 2 

This is marked as disclosed if the firm discloses Scope 2 GHG emissions. This must include numerical figures, generally recorded in tCO2e.

GHG emissions: Scope 2 of portfolio companies/assets 

This is marked as disclosed if the firm discloses Scope 2 GHG emissions for their portfolio companies. This must include numerical figures, generally recorded in tCO2e.

GHG emissions: Scope 3 

This is marked as disclosed if the firm discloses Scope 3 GHG emissions. This must include numerical figures, generally recorded in tCO2e.

GHG emissions: Scope 3 of portfolio companies/assets 

This is marked as disclosed if the firm discloses Scope 3 GHG emissions for their portfolio companies. This must include numerical figures, generally recorded in tCO2e.

GHG intensity of portfolio companies/assets 

This is marked as disclosed if the firm discloses carbon intensity for their portfolio companies. This must include numerical figures.

Adherence to any ISO standards 

ISO standards are specific standards set by the International Organization for Standardization. The firm may adhere to any ISO standard for this indicator to be considered disclosed.

Adopts a green building or energy management standard 

This is marked as disclosed if the firm discloses a third-party standard for green building or energy management.

Any mention of sustainability consideration in operations 

Mention of sustainability on a firm’s website, policies, reports, or other collateral. This indicator is considered disclosed if any material suggests that the company is using sustainability in some way, either in their portfolio management or in their own business operations, such as management of diversity or carbon emissions. This does not include philanthropy or CSR initiatives, but must specifically mention information about environmental risk management, labor risk management, or governance issues.

Board of directors 

This is meant to simply capture the disclosure of any board of directors at the firm level.

Dedicated sustainability report 

This is marked as disclosed if the firm has released a sustainability, corporate responsibility, CSR, ESG, socially responsible, impact, or other sustainability/impact-related report within the past two years. This may include UNPRI Public Signatory Reports.

Employee engagement surveys 

This is marked as disclosed if the firm mentions or publishes the results of an employee engagement survey.

Sustainability integration within performance reviews and/or compensation mechanisms 

This is marked as disclosed if the firm mentions sustainability practices or initiatives being a component of the compensation structure or performance reviews of their employees, and determines the pay they are getting.

Governing, leadership, or executive bodies, including the board of directors 

This is meant to simply capture the disclosure of any executives or governing bodies at the firm level. This may include disclosure of the board of directors, Chief Executive Officer or executive team, or any other firm leadership.

List of investors by type 

Disclosure of a basic list of client types, often included in UNPRI Public Signatory Reports.

Ownership structure of the firm 

Ownership structures specifically refer to whether the General Partner is publicly listed (if they have an investor relations section on their website or if they are listed on any global exchange and have a stock ticker, for instance) or if they list the owner(s) of the company.

Registered investment advisor or registered broker dealer status 

This specifically refers to whether the firm is regulated by a securities regulator, either as a registered investment advisor, broker, or other regulated entity that can legally give investment advice.

Spending on political donations and/or lobbying expenditures 

This refers to evidence of political donations and/or lobbying expenditure. We also accept mentions of no political donations or lobbying expenditure being made.

Statements, policies, or initiatives related to climate change 

This is marked as disclosed if the firm discloses any statements, policies, or initiatives related to climate change, carbon, or emissions. This is related to the company itself, which may include statements regarding the risks of climate change, announced initiatives to measure or manage climate risk as part of a firm’s business model or investment strategy, or disclosure of a carbon or climate change-related policy

Waste generation metrics  

Disclosure of numerical metric on waste generation, such as recycling waste disposal

Anti-money laundering and/or “know your client” (AML KYC) policy   

Any disclosed policy that refers to anti-money laundering or “know your client” (KYC). This specifically refers to an anti-money laundering/KYC policy that extends beyond a privacy policy.

Code of conduct 

Any disclosure of a code of conduct (COC) that applies to all employees at the firm. This may take the form of an ethics code, bribery code, or other code of conduct that employees must abide by.

Insider trading policy 

Any disclosure specifically mentioning insider trading that refers to the disclosure of a policy related to the buying/selling/trading of a stock or other securities using material, nonpublic information. This may be related to the code of conduct.

Modern slavery human rights policy 

Disclosure of any policy relating to modern slavery, human trafficking, or human rights.

Political donations and/or lobbying expenditure policy 

Any mention of a policy relating to political donations, contributions or expenditures, or lobbying-related activities.

Privacy policy 

This is marked as disclosed if the firm discloses the existence of its own privacy policy. This includes the mention of adherence to ISO standards or JIS Q standards related to privacy or data protection and data management.

Sustainable supply chain framework 

Any disclosure by the firm that is related to their supply chain framework or how they are adding sustainable practices to their supply chain network. This includes sustainability materiality risks or business ethics integration in the firm’s supply chain operations.

Whistleblower or anonymous incident reporting process 

This is marked as disclosed is the firm mentions any evidence of a whistleblower policy, whistleblower or anonymous hotline for reporting breaches in conduct, or other systems for reporting internal issues anonymously.

Employee training on data security or privacy 

Any mention of training on data security or privacy. In order to be marked as disclosed, the training must have happened; the intent to conduct this training is not sufficient.

Management training 

Any mention of training exclusively for employees in management positions. This excludes manager onboarding training and management-related training sessions for non-managers. In order to be marked as disclosed, the training must have happened; the intent to conduct this training is not sufficient.

Training for investment professionals on sustainability risks and opportunities in investment activities 

Any mention of training specifically for investment professionals on investment sustainability risks and opportunities. In order to be marked as disclosed, the training must have happened; the intent to conduct this training is not sufficient.

Any mention of ESG consideration in investing 

Mention of ESG consideration in a firm’s investment process. This may include the disclosure of an ESG policy or any mention of ESG as a factor, consideration, or potential risk or opportunity in investing

Breakdown of energy efficiency for real estate assets 

This is marked as disclosed if the firm discloses a third-part standard for energy efficiency (i.e., EPC ratings, LEED, BREEAM, etc.). This applies to the asset-level only.

Dedicated ESG investment policy 

Any disclosed investment policy that mentions the consideration of ESG in investing. This specifically refers to an investment policy that extends beyond ESG or sustainability in firm operations.

Dedicated sustainability investment staff 

Disclosure of any staff members specifically dedicated to implementing sustainability policies, strategies, and procedures in the investment process. This may be a dedicated business unit, team, or individual.

Sustainability commitments included in fund documents 

This is marked as disclosed if a firm's fund documents (i.e., LPAs, Side-Letters, etc.) include sustainability commitments.

Sustainability considerations included in deal documentation 

This is marked as disclosed if a firm's deal documentation (i.e., Shareholder's Agreements) includes sustainability considerations.

Sustainability due diligence reporting lines 

Disclosure of who is ultimately responsible for enforcing sustainability policy, sustainability reviews, sustainability oversight, or other sustainability-related procedures in the investment process. This includes designated groups, parties, or people inside the company responsible for overseeing sustainability. This will also be considered disclosed if an executive team is also a sustainability team. Otherwise, the reporting lines and ultimate sustainability authority must be disclosed. 

Sustainability risks and opportunities included on Limited Partners Advisory Committee and Annual Investor Meeting Agenda 

This is marked disclosed if a firm includes sustainability as a topic during investor meetings or LP Advisory Committees. 

Investments in portfolio companies/assets explicitly aligned with the UN Sustainable Development Goals

Disclosure of individual investments in portfolio companies tied to the Sustainable Development Goals, clearly stated as such.

Total AUM as subject to sustainability criteria or policies 

Disclosure of a currency amount of assets under management that are subject to sustainability policies or assessment. If a disclosed sustainability policy explicitly states its applicability to total AUM, this will also be considered disclosed. Otherwise, this must be numerical. 

Environmental impact studies conducted on portfolio companies/assets

This is marked as disclosed if the firm mentions that they conduct environmental impact studies before investing in portfolio companies, while holding and engaging with portfolio companies, or as part of typical portfolio company exits. Environmental impact studies may include pollution studies, emissions studies, or any other study that is related to the environment as part of investing. This must specifically be a study conducted on one or more of the companies in which they invest, going beyond the mere consideration of environmental impacts of their portfolio companies.

List of exclusionary screening factors

This is marked as disclosed if the firm mentions the specific screening factors they used. Examples of screening factors include Controversial Weapons, Tobacco and Fossil Fuels.

Policy specifying how sustainability factors are used after investing in portfolio companies/assets, or in company exits

Disclosure of a policy specific to post-investment processes that includes sustainability engagements, tracking sustainability factors, and/or how sustainability is considered when exiting an investment. 

Policy specifying how sustainability factors are used before investing in portfolio companies/assets 

Disclosure of a policy specific to pre-investment due diligence that includes the consideration of sustainability factors before making an investment, the application of an exclusionary policy, or the consideration of environmental or social impacts of portfolio companies before investing. 

Social impact studies conducted on portfolio companies/assets

This is marked as disclosed if the firm mentions that they conduct social impact studies before investing in portfolio companies, while holding and engaging with portfolio companies, or as part of typical portfolio company exits. Social impact studies may include diversity impact, employment of underrepresented groups, or any other study that is related to the society as part of investing. This must specifically be a study conducted on one or more of the companies in which they invest, going beyond the mere consideration of social impacts of their portfolio companies.

Code of conduct for portfolio companies/assets

Disclosure of a code of conduct explicitly stated as applicable to portfolio companies. This may take the form of an ethics code, bribery code, or other code of conduct that employees must abide by.

Employee engagement surveys for portfolio companies/assets

Disclosure of employee engagement surveys conducted on any topic for at least one portfolio company or asset. Evidence of employee engagement surveys conducted is sufficient, and results are not necessary.

Engagement process or considerations specifically focused on sustainability issues with portfolio companies/assets

Disclosure of an engagement policy that details an engagement process with portfolio companies on sustainability specific issues. This must include evidence of a process or issue that exemplifies how engagement happens. Sustainability issues may include any environmental issues (waste, water, energy, pollution, carbon, regulatory fines for environmental damage, etc.), social issues (employees and employee management, social protests, religious issues, etc.), or governance issues (management team composition, leadership structure, business ethics or codes of conduct, bribery, corruption, etc.).

Sustainability educational programs designed and run for portfolio companies/assets

The existence of any formal educational programs designed for portfolio companies that address sustainability-related issues. This may include portfolio company trainings offered by the GP on topics such as workforce management, environmental law, corporate structures, stakeholders, diversity and inclusion, or anything else related to sustainability. 

Policy detailing engagement processes with portfolio companies/assets

Disclosure of an engagement policy that details a general engagement process with portfolio companies on any topic or issue. This must include evidence of a process or issue that exemplifies how engagement happens.

Reporting or monitoring portfolio companies/assets using ESG KPIs

This is marked as disclosed if the firm mentions that they monitor ESG performance, or any specific ESG issues (i.e. carbon emissions, workforce performance, board diversity and makeup, environmental law compliance, etc), in their portfolio companies. Although we are at a base level assessing proof of concept, actual metrics may also be disclosed.

Share of portfolio companies/ assets where engagements were conducted on sustainability policies or issues

Disclosure of the number of companies that were reviewed for sustainability issues or against a sustainability policy either before or after investment. This does not necessarily need to include what they were reviewed for as long as it specifies, even generically, "sustainability issues" or "sustainability" as the basis for review. 


The UN Principles for Responsible Investment (UNPRI or PRI)
The PRI is a United Nations-supported international network of investors. Through committing to six aspirational principles, the signatories of the PRI work together to support the integration of ESG in investment decisions and create a more sustainable global financial system.

Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD)
The TCFD was created by the G20 Financial Stability Board to facilitate and improve reporting of climate related financial information. It provides a set of disclosure recommendations to support informed capital allocation, and enhance market participants’ understanding of material climate-related risks and opportunities. The recommendations focus on four core areas:

  1. Governance: the organization’s governance around climate-related risks and opportunities.

  2. Strategy: the actual and potential impacts of climate-related risks and opportunities on the organization’s businesses, strategy and financial planning.

  3. Risk management: the processes used by the organization to identify, assess and manage climate-related risks.

  4. Metrics and targets: the metrics and targets used to assess and manage relevant climate-related risks and opportunities.

Task Force on Nature-related Financial Disclosures (TNFD) 
The Taskforce on Nature-related Financial Disclosures is a set of disclosure recommendations and guidelines that encourage and enable businesses to assess, report, and act on their nature-related dependencies, impacts, risks, and opportunities. Their four disclosure pillars are governance, strategy, risk and impact management, and metrics and targets. 

Sustainability Accounting Standards Boards (SASB)
SASB is a non-profit organization providing a set of industry-specific disclosure standards across ESG topics. The standards are available across 77 industries, and identify the most relevant ESG issues to financial performance in each industry. Alongside the SASB Materiality Map, these standards help investors determine which ESG issues are material for reporting as well as helping facilitate more standardized benchmarking.

Global Impact Investing Network (GIIN)
GIIN is a global network of investors, focusing on reducing barriers to impact investment by building critical infrastructure and developing activities, education and research to facilitate the development of a coherent impact investing industry.

Global Reporting Initiative (GRI)
The GRI is a global reporting initiative. Through the GRI Standards, they provide guidance on ESG disclosures for investors and other stakeholders.

Global ESG Benchmark for Real Assets (GRESB)
GRESB is an investor-led organization providing standardized ESG data to capital markets. It is considered the leading ESG benchmark for real estate and infrastructure investments.

CDP
CDP (formerly known as the Carbon Disclosure Project) is a non-governmental organization (NGO) supporting companies, financial institutions and cities in disclosing and managing their environmental impact. It runs a global environmental disclosure system in which nearly 10,000 companies, cities, states and regions report on their risks and opportunities related to climate change, water security and deforestation.

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
The SDGs are a set of 17 global goals, established by the UN General Assembly in 2015. The goals address key global challenges, covering issues such as poverty, inequality, climate change, environmental degradation, peace and justice. They are often referred to in the context of impact investing, as a framework for defining and assessing impact.

Institutional Limited Partners Association (ILPA)
ILPA is a global organization dedicated to advancing the interests of limited partners and their beneficiaries through education, research, advocacy and events. Through their Due Diligence Questionnaire and Diversity Metric Template, they provide a standardized framework for integrating and monitoring ESG and DEI.

Net Zero Alliances
Net Zero Alliances include all those affiliations committed to supporting the goal of emitting net zero greenhouse gases by 2050 or sooner, aligned with the global effort to limit warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius. These include the Net Zero Asset Managers Initiative, Glasgow Financial Alliance for Net Zero, Net-Zero Asset Owner Alliance, Net Zero Investment Framework 1.0, Race to Zero, Paris Aligned Initiative Net Zero Asset Owner Commitment, amongst others.

EU Sustainable Finance Action Plan
The EU Sustainable Finance Action Plan is the European Union’s strategy for sustainable finance. It aims to reorient capital flows towards sustainable finance, manage financial risk stemming from environmental, social and governance issues, and facilitate more transparency and longtermism in financial activities. The plan consists of several components, including:

  1. The EU Taxonomy: provides a framework for defining environmentally sustainable economic activities. It identifies three criteria an economic activity must satisfy to be considered sustainable, and a list of six environmental objectives.

  2. The Sustainable Finance Disclosure Regulation (SFDR): imposes a set of disclosure requirements for asset managers and other financial market participants to provide standardized disclosures on how ESG factors are integrated at the entity and product level.

Science-Based Targets Initiative (SBTi) 
SBTi is a corporate climate action organization that helps companies and financial institutions set ambitious and measurable GHG emission reduction targets in line with what science says is needed to limit global warming. Members must set and validate their targets, make a public commitment to reducing emissions, and disclose progress annually. 

Sustainability-Related Affiliations and Initiatives
  • BVCA – Responsible Investment Advisory Board

  • CDP Climate Change

  • CDP Forests

  • Global Impact Investing Network

  • Global Real Estate Sustainability Benchmark (GRESB)

  • Institutional Investors Group on Climate Change

  • Institutional Limited Partners Agreement Diversity in Action (ILPA) 

  • Principles for Responsible Investment (PRI)

  • Science Based Target Initiatives (SBTi) 

  • United Nations Environment Programme Finance Initiative

  • United Nations Global Compact

  • American Investment Council (ESG guidelines)

  • Asia Investors Group on Climate Change 

  • Asian Corporate Governance Association

  • Australian Council of Superannuation Investors

  • AVCA: Sustainability Committee

  • B-Corp 

  • CDP Water

  • Ceres

  • Climate Action 100+

  • Code for Responsible Investment in SA (CRISA)

  • Council of Institutional Investors

  • ESG Data Convergence Initiative (EDCI) 

  • ESG Research Australia

  • Eumedion

  • Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI)

  • France Invest 

  • Global Investors Governance Network (GIGN)

  • Green Bond Principles

  • IFRS Sustainability Alliance 

  • IIGCC Net Zero Investment Framework (NZIF) 

  • Interfaith Center on Corporate Responsibility

  • International Corporate Governance Network

  • Invest Europe Responsible Investment Roundtable

  • Investor Network on Climate Risk (INCR)/CERES

  • Local Authority Pension Fund Forum

  • Multifamily Impact Council 

  • Nature Action 100 

  • Net Zero Alliances

  • Operating Principles for Impact Management

  • Principles for Sustainable Insurance

  • Race to Zero 

  • Regional or National Social Investment Forums (e.g. UKSIF, Eurosif, ASRIA, RIAA), specify

  • Responsible Innovation Labs 

  • Shareholder Association for Research and Education (Share)

  • Taskforce for Nature-Related Disclosures (TNFD) 

  • The iCL – Initiative Climate International 

  • ULI Greenprint Net Zero 

  • UN Energy Compact 

  • United Nations Environment Programme Finance Initiative 

  • United Nations Global Compact 

  • VentureESG 

To provide an overview of the Sustainability-Related Affiliations and Initiatives composition, the following categories have been mapped to each Sustainability-Related Affiliation/Initiative:

Strictness of the requirements:

High: The affiliation includes mandatory commitments like targets, disclosures, or reporting.

Medium: The affiliation includes/suggests voluntary commitments like targets, disclosures, or reporting.

Low: The affiliations does not require any mandatory or voluntary commitments.

Membership composition
  • Academia

  • Companies

  • Government

  • General Partners

  • Limited Partners

  • Service Providers

Key focus
  • Accountability

  • Advocacy

  • Benchmarking

  • Climate

  • Corporate Governance

  • Reporting

  • Disclosure

  • Environmental, Social and Governance

  • Forestry & Biodiversity

  • Impact Investing

  • Net Zero

  • Engagement

  • Policy

  • Research & Data

  • Responsible Investment

  • Sustainable Development Goals

  • Sustainable Finance

  • Transparency

  • Water & Biodiversity

Minimum requirements
  • Application Process

  • Annual Fee

  • Active Engagement

  • Mandatory Reporting

  • Membership Agreement

  • Not Disclosed

  • Voluntary Reporting

  • Open Membership by Firm Type

Ongoing commitments
  • Ongoing Active Engagement

  • Accomplish Membership Agreement

  • Maintain Annual Fee

  • Mandatory Reporting

  • Not Disclosed

  • Voluntary Reporting

Impact/SDGs taxonomy

Preqin’s Impact Taxonomy is based on UN SDG definitions and tries to map Sustainable Development Goals with specific industries, business activities and keywords. The keywords help further refine the identification of SDG alignments of companies. We further use stemming for the keywords to ensure we match more variations of the term. (e.g., fish, fishing, fisheries etc., all have the root term ‘fish’). The table below contains an abridged view on the taxonomy. The full taxonomy ranges across 171 sub-industries and 554 keywords. Please drop us an email at GroupPreqinSustainability@blackrock.com if you would like to access the full taxonomy file.

SDG num.

SDG title

Primary industries (where applicable)

Sub-industries (examples)

Keywords (examples)

SDG01

No poverty

-

Education and training services Consumer finance Business support services

Affordable Deprived Developing

SDG02

Zero hunger

Agribusiness

Food and beverage distribution Farm equipment Agribusiness

Agro Farm Hunger Regenerative agriculture

SDG03

Good health and wellbeing

Biotechnology Healthcare Medical Devices and Equipment

Cardiology Healthcare Hospitals

Diseases Health Medicines Surgery

SDG04

Quality education

Education/Training

Education and training services Schools Education and training software

Education Vocational Training

SDG05

Gender equality

-

Social networking and communication platform Consulting services

Women Empowerment Gender

SDG06

Clean water and sanitation

-

Water and Sewer Utilities Environmental Services Waste Management

Aquifers Arid Drinking water

SDG07

Affordable and clean energy

Renewable energy

Wind power Energy storage and batteries Waste to energy

Affordable Alternative energy Bioenergy

SDG08

Decent work and economic growth

-

Human resources services HR and workforce software Consulting services

Quality Jobs Career Child Labor

SDG09

Industry, innovation, and infrastructure

-

Rail transport Transportation cervices Public transit/ transportation

Infrastructure Industrial Innovation

SDG10

Reduced inequalities

-

Childcare services Education and training

Discriminatory Empower Inequality

SDG11

Sustainable cities and communities

Automobiles, other vehicles and parts

Automobiles Other vehicles and parts Logistics software Pollution control

Urban Affordable Building Housing

SDG12

Responsible consumption and production

Biopolymers

Recycling Green IT Environmental services

Sustainable Consumption Reduce Waste

SDG13

Climate action

-

Pollution control Environmental services

Climate Adaptation Green Carbon accounting

SDG14

Life below water

-

Marine Recycling Rubber and plastics

Marine Oceans Coastal

SDG15

Life on land

-

Pollution control Environmental services Recycling

Forests Ecosystems Biodiversity Conservation

SDG16

Peace, justice, and strong institutions

-

Legal software Retail law Newspapers

Accountable Crime Justice Law


Fine-tuning our SDG definitions to apply SDGs to subjective business activities:

As our research analysts were going through the companies to manually look for SDG alignments for generating a validation dataset, we realized that SDG alignments could be subjective for a few industries and business activities.

The table below is a reference that highlights the areas where SDG alignments could be subjective.

SDG num.

SDG title

To include

To exclude

SDG02

Zero hunger

Eateries serving underserved populations, food banks, any type of food production, farming, farm equipment manufacturing, food distribution

Restaurants, eateries, fast-food chains, food delivery services. Food manufacturing/ processing

SDG03

Good health and well-being

Medical equipment manufacturers, experimental therapies (e.g., gene), pharmaceutical companies, health testing, services providers, fitness, recreational centers, beauty treatments, spas etc.

-

SDG04

Quality education

Any type of education services or platforms irrespective of the medium – online, distance, including music, arts

-

SDG07

Affordable and clean energy

Solar, wind, carbon trading, biofuel etc and marketplaces and related service providers

Big conventional energy, oil and gas, mining companies which have a small renewables division

SDG08

Decent work and economic growth

Microfinance, regional banks, job search firms/websites

Strategy consulting companies, financial advice firms, law firms, large banks, and asset managers

SDG09

Industry, innovation, and infrastructure

Technology firms focused on – gene therapy, AI, blockchain, cloud computing

Large software/tech companies.

SDG11

Sustainable cities and communities

E-scooters, electric cars

-

SDG12

Responsible consumption and production

Any type of recycling e.g., waste, IT equipment

-

SDG16

Peace, justice, and strong institutions

Independent and regional news and media

Mainstream media houses


Research data update process

Preqin has a dedicated sustainability research team responsible for data collection. Our transparency profiles are populated with data sourced in one or both of the following ways:

  • Public disclosures: Information available in the public domain including legal filings, regulatory disclosures, sustainability reports, firms’ websites, and other related documents. All the sources are identified and manually validated by our team of dedicated sustainability researchers and quality assurers. To uphold quality and consistency, all disclosures must satisfy the criteria outlined in the sustainability management indicators guidance in Appendix A. This guidance was written to enhance the transparency of our data-collection process and to provide our clients with documentation enabling deeper engagement.

  • Private disclosures: Private documents shared with Preqin that satisfy the same criteria as public disclosures. This feature of sustainability profiles allows for a more comprehensive representation of a firm’s sustainability efforts. To guarantee data quality while respecting our clients’ privacy concerns, all the documents are securely submitted to Preqin’s sustainability research team via our encrypted document-storing capabilities. They are reviewed internally, to ensure the required criteria are met, and that any private disclosures are reflected on firm profiles without a source. This unique data-collection process leverages Preqin’s strong relationships with our clients and our esteemed reputation in the industry.

We update sustainability transparency profiles with both public and private disclosures every 12-18 months at most – or on request. For a disclosure to be valid, all the supporting documents must have been updated in the past two years.


Controversial industries taxonomy


Sources used as reference for building the sustainability management indicators

Indicators were sources from the following frameworks:

  • The Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB)
    List of indicators as part of the Materiality Map for Asset Management sector.

  • The United Nations Principles for Responsible Investment (UNPRI)
    List of indicators as part of standardized UNPRI Transparency Reports for firms
    List of questions and best practices from UNPRI technical guide for Limited Partners (LPs)
    List of questions from UNPRI LP responsible investment DDQ

  • The Task Force for Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD)
    List of questions from the TCFD recommendations

  • Institutional Limited Partnership Association (ILPA)
    List of questions from the ILPA due diligence questionnaire

We have identified 76 indicators as being relevant to ESG integration in private markets. To create custom filters for various use cases, each indicator has been categorized according to the following tags:

Governance type: Tags indicating whether the indicator is primarily related to firm, portfolio, or asset-level governance.

ESG pillar: Tags indicating whether the indicator is primarily related to environmental, social, or governance pillars.

Sustainability theme: Tags indicating the SASB material issue or theme, as well as themes specific to private markets.

Sustainability framework: Tags pointing to the frameworks from which the indicator is sourced.


Preqin industry classification to EU taxonomy industry taxonomy mapping

Preqin industry group

Preqin primary industry

Preqin sub industries

EU taxonomy eligibility

Raw materials and natural resources

Forestry and timber

-

Climate adaptation/ mitigation

Industrials

Energy storage and batteries -

-

Climate adaptation/ mitigation

Raw materials and natural resources

Materials

Masonry materials

Climate adaptation/ mitigation

Raw materials and natural resources

Materials

Steel and metals

Climate adaptation/ mitigation

Raw materials and natural resources

Chemicals

-

Climate adaptation/ mitigation

Raw materials and natural resources

Chemicals

Commodity chemicals

Climate adaptation/ mitigation

Energy and utilities

Renewable energy

Solar power

Climate adaptation/ mitigation

Energy and utilities

Renewable energy

Wind power

Climate adaptation/ mitigation

Energy and utilities

Renewable energy

Hydro power

Climate adaptation/ mitigation

Energy and utilities

Renewable energy

Geothermal

Climate adaptation/ mitigation

Energy and utilities

Renewable energy

Biomass

Climate adaptation/ mitigation

Energy and utilities

Power and utilities

Water and sewer utilities

Climate adaptation/ mitigation

Energy and utilities

Power and utilities

Waste management

Climate adaptation/ mitigation

Industrials

Environmental services

Recycling

Climate adaptation/ mitigation

Industrials

Environmental services

Pollution control

Climate adaptation/ mitigation

Industrials

Rail transport

-

Climate adaptation/ mitigation

Consumer discretionary

Transportation services

Public transit/transportation

Climate adaptation/ mitigation

Consumer discretionary

Transportation services

Car hire services

Climate adaptation/ mitigation

Industrials

Ship building and repair

-

Climate adaptation/ mitigation

Consumer discretionary

Consumer services

Home repair services

Climate adaptation/ mitigation

Information technology

IT infrastructure

-

Climate adaptation/ mitigation

Business services

Business support services

Engineering

Climate adaptation/ mitigation

Telecoms and media

Media

Radio broadcasting and programming

Climate adaptation

Financial and insurance services

Insurance

-

Climate adaptation

Consumer discretionary

Education/training

-

Climate adaptation

Consumer discretionary

Consumer services

Event management

Climate adaptation

Telecoms and media

Media

Music production and distribution

Climate adaptation

Industrials

Environmental services

Green IT

Climate mitigation

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